對城市(shi)(shi)范(fan)圍內(nei)(包括市(shi)(shi)區(qu)和郊區(qu))

各種交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)作出長期的(de)(de)(de)全面合理安排的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)劃。城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃同城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)布局(ju)形式(shi)、城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)功能(neng)分(fen)區、城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)土(tu)地利(li)用、城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)道(dao)路(lu)系(xi)統等有密切關系(xi)。城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃既(ji)是城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)總體(ti)規(gui)劃的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)成部分(fen)，又是制訂城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃布局(ju)方案(an)的(de)(de)(de)依據(ju)。廣義的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃還(huan)包括交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)政策的(de)(de)(de)制定，交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)方式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)和(he)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)管理體(ti)系(xi)方案(an)的(de)(de)(de)擬(ni)定等。

現代(dai)城(cheng)市交通的(de)內容

城市(shi)中的(de)(de)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)流(liu)(liu)(liu)有人(ren)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和(he)車(che)(che)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。人(ren)流(liu)(liu)(liu)即行人(ren)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)。車(che)(che)流(liu)(liu)(liu)分客(ke)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和(he)貨流(liu)(liu)(liu)，客(ke)流(liu)(liu)(liu)是居(ju)民出行利用交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)工具而形(xing)成的(de)(de)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)流(liu)(liu)(liu);貨流(liu)(liu)(liu)是交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)工具運輸貨物(wu)而形(xing)成的(de)(de)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。客(ke)流(liu)(liu)(liu)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)一般分為城市(shi)公(gong)共交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)和(he)私人(ren)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)。

在城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃中(zhong)，一般把城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分為(wei)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)對外(wai)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和市(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)常所說的城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是指市(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的主要設(she)施(shi)(shi)有(you)：城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)道路(lu)、城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)鐵(tie)(tie)路(lu)(包括(kuo)地下鐵(tie)(tie)道)、其他的軌道交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)線路(lu)、市(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)航道以及(ji)相應的附屬設(she)施(shi)(shi)。城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)設(she)施(shi)(shi)因城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)職能、規(gui)模、自然地理(li)等條件的不同而有(you)差異。有(you)些城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)還有(you)高(gao)架道路(lu)、高(gao)架鐵(tie)(tie)路(lu)、地下或水下隧(sui)道、索(suo)道以至市(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)航空運輸等交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)設(she)施(shi)(shi)。城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)設(she)施(shi)(shi)是城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的基礎設(she)施(shi)(shi)，是城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)建設(she)和發展必不可少的條件。

城市交(jiao)通的發(fa)展

古(gu)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城市(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)，最初是(shi)步(bu)行(xing)或(huo)騎乘，后來又有(you)(you)人(ren)力或(huo)牲口拉的(de)(de)(de)(de)車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)等;在沿(yan)河或(huo)濱海城市(shi)(shi)，則用船舶作為(wei)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)工具。中國(guo)是(shi)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界上最早使(shi)用車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)之一(yi)。根據《考工記》的(de)(de)(de)(de)記載(zai)，中國(guo)古(gu)代(dai)都城規(gui)劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)街道(dao)網，街道(dao)寬度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)算是(shi)以(yi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軌距為(wei)基本尺度(du)。歐(ou)洲一(yi)些(xie)(xie)城市(shi)(shi)于17世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀(ji)末已有(you)(you)公共馬(ma)車(che)(che)(che)(che)，后來出現了馬(ma)拉軌道(dao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)。產(chan)業革命(ming)后，蒸汽(qi)機(ji)牽引和(he)電力驅動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)工具先后問(wen)世(shi)(shi)(shi)。20世(shi)(shi)(shi)紀(ji)初期(qi)起汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)生產(chan)激(ji)增，引起城市(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)發生根本性的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)。第二次世(shi)(shi)(shi)界大(da)(da)戰后，城市(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)進一(yi)步(bu)向高(gao)速化(hua)、現代(dai)化(hua)方向發展。發達國(guo)家(jia)(jia)私(si)人(ren)擁有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)數量猛增。據80年代(dai)初的(de)(de)(de)(de)統計(ji)(ji)，每千人(ren)擁有(you)(you)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)數量美(mei)國(guo)為(wei)690輛(liang)(liang)(1980)，英(ying)國(guo)為(wei)310輛(liang)(liang)(1981)，日本為(wei)340輛(liang)(liang)(1981)，法國(guo)為(wei)420輛(liang)(liang)(1981)。城市(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)化(hua)，曾(ceng)使(shi)有(you)(you)軌電車(che)(che)(che)(che)趨于衰落。二三十(shi)年來，一(yi)些(xie)(xie)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)城市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地下(xia)鐵道(dao)和(he)郊(jiao)區鐵路得到了較快的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，60年代(dai)出現快速輕軌電車(che)(che)(che)(che)。城市(shi)(shi)特別是(shi)大(da)(da)城市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)，已經成為(wei)一(yi)個(ge)十(shi)分龐大(da)(da)而復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)系，引來了許多新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、迫切(qie)需要解決的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，主要是(shi)：交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)阻(zu)塞，車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)行(xing)駛速度(du)降低，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)事故增多，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)噪聲(sheng)和(he)大(da)(da)氣污染(ran)等公害(hai)加劇。此外，使(shi)用大(da)(da)量汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)還產(chan)生了停車(che)(che)(che)(che)場不(bu)足的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。

城市交通(tong)問題的對(dui)策

各(ge)(ge)國解決城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)都(dou)是根據本國的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)、技(ji)術發(fa)展水平(ping)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具體(ti)情況采取對(dui)策。歸(gui)納起(qi)來(lai)，大(da)(da)致可以(yi)分為兩(liang)個(ge)方面。①從(cong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)著(zhu)手(shou)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)模(mo)、布局(ju)(ju)、道(dao)(dao)路(lu)網形(xing)式、人(ren)口(kou)(kou)分布和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)密(mi)度(du)(du)、功能分區(qu)(qu)、土地(di)利用等因(yin)素對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(包括交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)強(qiang)度(du)(du)、流(liu)向(xiang)、流(liu)量(liang)分布等)有(you)重(zhong)大(da)(da)影(ying)響。在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)中控制(zhi)人(ren)口(kou)(kou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)用地(di)規(gui)模(mo)，合理確定(對(dui)新城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))或調整(對(dui)舊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)布局(ju)(ju)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)功能分區(qu)(qu)，是解決城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)治本之(zhi)道(dao)(dao)。許(xu)多(duo)(duo)國家的(de)經(jing)驗(yan)表明，中小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)遠比大(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)容(rong)易(yi)解決。幾十年來(lai)，各(ge)(ge)國為改造(zao)現(xian)有(you)大(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)布局(ju)(ju)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)形(xing)式提出多(duo)(duo)種規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)對(dui)策，如(ru)疏(shu)散人(ren)口(kou)(kou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)業，建設(she)衛星城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮或新城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng);弱化(hua)高(gao)度(du)(du)集中的(de)中心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)，設(she)置副中心(xin)(xin);改變過分機(ji)械的(de)功能分區(qu)(qu)，建設(she)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)崗位和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)居(ju)住設(she)施相對(dui)平(ping)衡的(de)綜合區(qu)(qu);在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中心(xin)(xin)地(di)帶建設(she)步行(xing)(xing)街等。這些對(dui)策均有(you)助于緩解城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。②從(cong)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)本身(shen)著(zhu)手(shou)。一(yi)般是改善城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)系統(包括要有(you)適(shi)當的(de)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)寬度(du)(du)、路(lu)網密(mi)度(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)能滿足(zu)一(yi)定通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過能力的(de)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)(jiao)叉口(kou)(kou)等)。必(bi)要時(shi)可建設(she)高(gao)架的(de)快速道(dao)(dao)路(lu)或地(di)下通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)道(dao)(dao)(一(yi)般是局(ju)(ju)部(bu)性(xing)的(de)或穿越江河的(de))。在(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)方式上(shang)(shang)，鼓勵和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)提倡公共交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，控制(zhi)私人(ren)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)具的(de)發(fa)展。在(zai)大(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)積極發(fa)展快速、大(da)(da)量(liang)性(xing)的(de)軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(包括地(di)下的(de)、半(ban)地(di)下即路(lu)塹式的(de)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)地(di)上(shang)(shang)的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鐵路(lu)等)。在(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸網絡上(shang)(shang)，使各(ge)(ge)種交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)具在(zai)發(fa)揮(hui)各(ge)(ge)自(zi)優勢的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)(shang)協調配合。車(che)站、碼頭、機(ji)場之(zhi)間有(you)方便的(de)聯系和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)銜(xian)接;城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內部(bu)的(de)主要人(ren)流(liu)集散點(dian)設(she)置綜合性(xing)、立體(ti)化(hua)、多(duo)(duo)層次的(de)聯運(yun)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)換乘(cheng)中心(xin)(xin);盡(jin)量(liang)采用先(xian)進的(de)技(ji)術裝備交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管理設(she)施等。各(ge)(ge)國普遍重(zhong)視嚴格(ge)(ge)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管理制(zhi)度(du)(du)，用一(yi)些強(qiang)制(zhi)性(xing)的(de)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)經(jing)濟(ji)手(shou)段來(lai)控制(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)疏(shu)導交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，如(ru)限制(zhi)車(che)輛在(zai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中心(xin)(xin)地(di)區(qu)(qu)停(ting)放時(shi)間并征(zheng)收高(gao)額(e)停(ting)車(che)費(fei)，開(kai)辟單(dan)行(xing)(xing)道(dao)(dao)，嚴格(ge)(ge)執行(xing)(xing)各(ge)(ge)種交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法令和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)規(gui)則等。

城市交通規劃的制定

分為(wei)交(jiao)(jiao)通調查、交(jiao)(jiao)通預測(ce)和規劃編制(zhi)幾個步(bu)驟。

交通(tong)調(diao)查(cha)

調(diao)(diao)查(cha)城市交(jiao)通現狀，取得大量基礎(chu)數據(ju)，掌握城市各種交(jiao)通流在(zai)時(shi)間(jian)、空間(jian)上的(de)(de)(de)分布特點，為編制交(jiao)通規劃提供依據(ju)。調(diao)(diao)查(cha)內容一般包括：城市居民出行調(diao)(diao)查(cha)、貨(huo)物流動(dong)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)、車輛起迄點調(diao)(diao)查(cha)。調(diao)(diao)查(cha)各種交(jiao)通流從開(kai)始發生(sheng)到結(jie)束的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)過程，可以獲得交(jiao)通流量、流向的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)面資料。交(jiao)通調(diao)(diao)查(cha)始于20世紀30年代，但只是到50年代有了(le)處理大量調(diao)(diao)查(cha)數據(ju)的(de)(de)(de)電子(zi)計算(suan)機之后，才廣泛應(ying)用。中國的(de)(de)(de)城市交(jiao)通調(diao)(diao)查(cha)于1981年開(kai)始在(zai)天津、上海等(deng)城市進行，現在(zai)已擴大到徐州、廣州、長春、大連等(deng)十幾個城市。

交(jiao)通(tong)預(yu)測

交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)測就(jiu)是根據城市(shi)人(ren)口增加和(he)(he)用(yong)地(di)擴大情(qing)(qing)況、經(jing)濟發展(zhan)水平等(deng)因素來(lai)(lai)推算規劃期(近期和(he)(he)遠期)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)增長情(qing)(qing)況。交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)測的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容一(yi)(yi)般包括(kuo)以(yi)下四(si)個方面。①出(chu)(chu)(chu)行產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)。出(chu)(chu)(chu)行發生(sheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)取決于(yu)將來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城市(shi)人(ren)口數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、土地(di)使(shi)用(yong)情(qing)(qing)況和(he)(he)社會經(jing)濟發展(zhan)水平等(deng)。常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)測方法(fa)(fa)(fa)是回歸(gui)分(fen)(fen)析法(fa)(fa)(fa)。②出(chu)(chu)(chu)行分(fen)(fen)布。出(chu)(chu)(chu)行量(liang)(liang)(liang)在各(ge)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布，常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)測方法(fa)(fa)(fa)有增長系數(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、引力(li)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)隨機(ji)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。增長系數(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是假(jia)定將來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)行產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)式與(yu)(yu)現狀基本(ben)相同，只是出(chu)(chu)(chu)行量(liang)(liang)(liang)隨著發生(sheng)區(qu)(qu)和(he)(he)吸(xi)引區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)而增加。引力(li)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)設想是各(ge)吸(xi)引區(qu)(qu)吸(xi)引各(ge)出(chu)(chu)(chu)發區(qu)(qu)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)行量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)少，與(yu)(yu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)發區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)發總量(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)吸(xi)引區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)引總量(liang)(liang)(liang)成(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)比(bi)，與(yu)(yu)兩區(qu)(qu)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)距離或所需的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時間(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)反比(bi)。隨機(ji)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是將概(gai)率用(yong)于(yu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)行分(fen)(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)算模(mo)(mo)型(xing)。③交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)方式劃分(fen)(fen)。把(ba)預(yu)(yu)(yu)測的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)行總量(liang)(liang)(liang)按(an)一(yi)(yi)定比(bi)例分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)給(gei)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)方式，計(ji)算出(chu)(chu)(chu)各(ge)種(zhong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)方式所承(cheng)擔的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)原則要考慮到城市(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點、服務水平和(he)(he)發展(zhan)方針等(deng)，以(yi)便(bian)確(que)定交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)方式的(de)(de)(de)(de)合理構成(cheng)(cheng)。④交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)。交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流(liu)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)在道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)網絡中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)，方法(fa)(fa)(fa)有兩種(zhong)：一(yi)(yi)是0-1分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)法(fa)(fa)(fa),將交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)給(gei)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時間(jian)最短的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu),分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)給(gei)其他(ta)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)0;二是多(duo)路(lu)(lu)線隨機(ji)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)法(fa)(fa)(fa),分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)步驟是先確(que)定合理交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)線,計(ji)算各(ge)路(lu)(lu)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)權數(shu)(shu),計(ji)算各(ge)路(lu)(lu)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang),最后(hou)將全(quan)(quan)市(shi)各(ge)區(qu)(qu)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)給(gei)路(lu)(lu)段后(hou)，匯(hui)總各(ge)路(lu)(lu)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，就(jiu)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)全(quan)(quan)市(shi)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)網上的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙(shuang)向交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)圖。

規(gui)劃編(bian)制

主要(yao)是根據預(yu)測的(de)流量流向圖編制完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)道(dao)(dao)路交通規(gui)劃(hua)方案。規(gui)劃(hua)的(de)內容包括城(cheng)市道(dao)(dao)路網規(gui)劃(hua)(見城(cheng)市道(dao)(dao)路系統)、客運規(gui)劃(hua)和貨運規(gui)劃(hua)。

① 客(ke)(ke)運(yun)(yun)規(gui)劃(hua)。根據城市客(ke)(ke)運(yun)(yun)量增(zeng)長情況，選擇客(ke)(ke)運(yun)(yun)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)工具(ju)(ju)的(de)類型和數量，制定(ding)公共交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)路線規(gui)劃(hua)、站點和車場的(de)設(she)置(zhi)規(gui)劃(hua)等。如用電(dian)氣化交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)工具(ju)(ju)，要(yao)有供電(dian)系(xi)統(tong)規(gui)劃(hua)。

② 貨運(yun)(yun)(yun)規劃(hua)。根據(ju)(ju)預測得到(dao)的(de)(de)貨運(yun)(yun)(yun)流(liu)量流(liu)向圖，計算(suan)貨運(yun)(yun)(yun)車(che)數(shu);安排貨運(yun)(yun)(yun)交(jiao)通路(lu)線,選定貨運(yun)(yun)(yun)車(che)場。貨運(yun)(yun)(yun)車(che)數(shu)取(qu)決(jue)于貨運(yun)(yun)(yun)的(de)(de)組織(zhi)方(fang)式、貨運(yun)(yun)(yun)量和貨運(yun)(yun)(yun)周轉(zhuan)量。城市(shi)貨運(yun)(yun)(yun)的(de)(de)貨物(wu)種類(lei)復(fu)雜(za),各種噸位的(de)(de)車(che)輛要相互(hu)搭配,充分發揮車(che)輛的(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)(yun)力。一般情況下，城市(shi)應根據(ju)(ju)主(zhu)要貨流(liu)的(de)(de)走向開(kai)辟貨運(yun)(yun)(yun)干(gan)道，并避免(mian)穿越生(sheng)活居住區。