1、定(ding)義

交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)定義如下：廣義的交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)包(bao)括交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)設施(shi)體系(xi)布局規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)、交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運輸發展政策規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(也稱“交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)發展白(bai)皮(pi)書(shu)”)、交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)運輸組織(zhi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)、交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管理規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)、交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)安全規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)、交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)近期建設規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)等。狹義的交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)主要(yao)是指交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)設施(shi)體系(xi)布局規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)和近期建設規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)。

所謂交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)規劃(狹義)通(tong)常(chang)是指根據對歷史和(he)現(xian)狀的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)供需(xu)狀況和(he)地區(qu)的(de)人口(kou)、經濟和(he)土地利用之間的(de)相互管理的(de)分析研(yan)究，對地區(qu)未來(lai)不(bu)同(tong)人口(kou)、土地利用和(he)經濟發展(zhan)的(de)情(qing)形下，交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)發展(zhan)需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)分析和(he)預測(ce)，確(que)定(ding)未來(lai)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)設(she)(she)施發展(zhan)建設(she)(she)的(de)規模、結構、布局等(deng)方(fang)(fang)案，并對不(bu)同(tong)方(fang)(fang)案進行評(ping)價(jia)比選，確(que)定(ding)推薦方(fang)(fang)案，同(tong)時突出(chu)建設(she)(she)實施方(fang)(fang)案(包括建設(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)時序、投資估算、配套措(cuo)施等(deng))的(de)一個完整過程。

2、目(mu)的(de)

交通(tong)規(gui)劃是(shi)(shi)建立(li)完善綜(zong)合運(yun)(yun)輸系統的(de)重要(yao)保障，是(shi)(shi)解決目前道(dao)(dao)路交通(tong)問題的(de)根本(ben)措(cuo)施(shi)，是(shi)(shi)獲得最佳交通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸效(xiao)(xiao)益的(de)有效(xiao)(xiao)途徑，是(shi)(shi)實現(xian)城市交通(tong)科學(xue)化、現(xian)代(dai)化管理(li)，充分利用現(xian)有道(dao)(dao)路交通(tong)設施(shi)的(de)重要(yao)環節。

3、基本資料

城市交通規(gui)劃的發展(zhan)

中(zhong)國在(zai)周朝就有(you)(you)(you)九(jiu)經九(jiu)緯、環城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)輻射形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)雛型規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。唐(tang)朝首(shou)都長安規(gui)模宏大(da)，道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)網(wang)為典型的(de)(de)(de)棋盤形(xing)布局。20世(shi)紀(ji)初(chu)，汽(qi)車(che)出(chu)現(xian)后，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)便(bian)(bian)把(ba)汽(qi)車(che)作為主要(yao)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)具來(lai)考慮(lv)。現(xian)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是在(zai)第二次世(shi)界大(da)戰(zhan)后出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)。美(mei)國在(zai)對(dui)一百(bai)多個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)進行家庭訪問調(diao)(diao)(diao)查的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)開展(zhan)了交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。以家訪小型樣本(ben)調(diao)(diao)(diao)查結合查核線(xian)測(ce)量(liang)，確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)形(xing)式。未(wei)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方案是在(zai)預測(ce)遠景(jing)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)編制的(de)(de)(de)。50年(nian)代(dai)人們開始(shi)認識到(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)土(tu)地(di)使用有(you)(you)(you)密切的(de)(de)(de)關系。因此(ci)制訂(ding)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)不僅要(yao)考慮(lv)當時的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)，而且(qie)要(yao)考慮(lv)土(tu)地(di)使用情(qing)況對(dui)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求的(de)(de)(de)關系，并(bing)且(qie)用道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)網(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)代(dai)替了單(dan)(dan)一道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。此(ci)后逐(zhu)漸(jian)采用電子計算機處理(li)資(zi)料,使規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)(rong)更趨完善,有(you)(you)(you)利(li)于多方案的(de)(de)(de)比較、選擇。數學模型的(de)(de)(de)推導和(he)采用，使預測(ce)工(gong)作更為簡便(bian)(bian)和(he)迅速。60年(nian)代(dai)后期，對(dui)各項評估由定(ding)(ding)(ding)性向定(ding)(ding)(ding)量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)。從(cong)(cong)此(ci)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)在(zai)社會化(hua)(hua)(hua)、綜(zong)(zong)合化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)定(ding)(ding)(ding)量(liang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)方面有(you)(you)(you)了進一步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)提高(gao)，從(cong)(cong)而成為交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)一個重要(yao)內容(rong)(rong)。1956年(nian)美(mei)國芝加哥的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，后來(lai)從(cong)(cong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)成大(da)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，從(cong)(cong)單(dan)(dan)一的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)到(dao)綜(zong)(zong)合的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),因而在(zai)70年(nian)代(dai)初(chu),對(dui)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)強調(diao)(diao)(diao)了“連(lian)續性”、“綜(zong)(zong)合性”和(he)“協調(diao)(diao)(diao)性”。

城市交通(tong)規劃的步驟

①規定目(mu)標和目(mu)的;

②調查收集資料;

③分析資(zi)料并推導數學模型(xing);

④作出預測;

⑤編制各種規劃(hua)方案;

⑥檢驗(yan)和(he)評估規劃方(fang)案。

交通調查的主要(yao)內容(rong)是：

①通(tong)(tong)過劃界分區，進行(xing)出(chu)行(xing)的(de)(de)起訖點調查。對市內交通(tong)(tong)通(tong)(tong)常采用家庭訪問的(de)(de)方(fang)法，對過境交通(tong)(tong)則采用在(zai)路旁向旅(lv)客(ke)詢問的(de)(de)方(fang)法，以取得關于出(chu)行(xing)目的(de)(de)、次數和性(xing)質的(de)(de)資(zi)料。

②交(jiao)通(tong)設(she)施的(de)調查。除了固(gu)定的(de)道路設(she)施，還(huan)要分別對公共交(jiao)通(tong)和(he)個體交(jiao)通(tong)進(jin)行了解。

③土地使用(yong)調查。除分區的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)性質(zhi)，還包括人口的(de)(de)(de)密度以及居(ju)民的(de)(de)(de)社會經濟條(tiao)件等。取(qu)得基(ji)本的(de)(de)(de)資料后，進(jin)行分析推導，建立各種數學模型，或選擇已有的(de)(de)(de)模型進(jin)行預測和規(gui)劃。

通常(chang)是把模型的組合結構劃分(fen)成幾個程序：

①出行產生。其目的(de)(de)是確定出行產生和(he)(he)土地使用之間的(de)(de)關系，一般采用的(de)(de)方法(fa)有分(fen)區最小二乘方回歸分(fen)析(xi)法(fa)和(he)(he)分(fen)類分(fen)析(xi)法(fa)兩種。

②出行(xing)分布(bu)(bu)。是確定(ding)(ding)(ding)各交通區之間的出行(xing)量。通常假定(ding)(ding)(ding)各交通區之間的出行(xing)次數和各起訖點同交通區的范圍大小(xiao)成(cheng)(cheng)正比，同空(kong)間上的隔阻程(cheng)度成(cheng)(cheng)反比。確定(ding)(ding)(ding)出行(xing)分布(bu)(bu)的基本(ben)方法(fa)有(you)增長系數法(fa)、重力模(mo)型(xing)或機會模(mo)型(xing)的綜合(he)法(fa)。

③交(jiao)通(tong)方式劃分。指出行者采(cai)取的(de)交(jiao)通(tong)方式，如公(gong)共交(jiao)通(tong)或以轎車、自行車等為工具(ju)的(de)個體(ti)交(jiao)通(tong)。

④交通分配。經過上(shang)項程序后把各交通區的出(chu)行(xing)次數和方式(shi)分配到交通系(xi)統(tong)中的實(shi)際路線(xian)上(shang)。

交通(tong)(tong)分配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)一般有(you)四種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)：全(quan)分配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)法(fa)或無(wu)分配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)法(fa)，即單純分配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)法(fa);轉換曲線分配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)法(fa);交通(tong)(tong)容量限(xian)制分配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)法(fa);多途徑按比(bi)例分配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)法(fa)。經(jing)過檢驗，如果認為(wei)全(quan)部程序達到(dao)精確(que)可(ke)靠的程度，那末，就可(ke)能(neng)根(gen)據預(yu)測結果制定出幾種(zhong)交通(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃方(fang)案。對(dui)幾種(zhong)交通(tong)(tong)規(gui)劃方(fang)案作(zuo)出評(ping)價,編制實施計(ji)劃,并根(gen)據實際(ji)情況加以修正。

大區域交通規(gui)劃

在城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)動下，60年代(dai)開始出現(xian)大區域(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)至于全國性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。大區域(yu)(yu)(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)系(xi)(xi)統較之城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)系(xi)(xi)統具有更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和綜合性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，因(yin)此大區交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)考慮更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素。雖然目(mu)前大區域(yu)(yu)(yu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或全國性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)不(bu)像城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)那樣有標(biao)準(zhun)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)序，但是規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展也經歷了三(san)代(dai)。第一代(dai)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方法是所謂“需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)-標(biao)準(zhun)法”,是從1970年開始的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，即(ji)以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)同(tong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)方式(shi)所規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(包括道(dao)路(lu)線形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾何(he)設(she)計,道(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務水平以(yi)(yi)(yi)及安全標(biao)準(zhun)等)為根(gen)據,將測得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)路(lu)現(xian)況和預測的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)未來(lai)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進行(xing)比較，以(yi)(yi)(yi)兩者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)別程(cheng)度(du)作(zuo)為交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據，編制(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方案(an)，并(bing)視財力(li)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)實施計劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。第二代(dai)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方法是所謂“單一交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)方式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)擬和評(ping)價方法”。此法是從城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)程(cheng)序沿(yan)襲下來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)內容有：①規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)目(mu)標(biao)說明(ming);②根(gen)據所確定(ding)目(mu)標(biao)編制(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)以(yi)(yi)(yi)改善(shan)現(xian)有設(she)施;③模(mo)(mo)擬現(xian)有規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)(xi)統和未來(lai)系(xi)(xi)統工(gong)作(zuo)狀況;④評(ping)價編制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。第三(san)代(dai)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方法是所謂“多(duo)種交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)方式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)擬和評(ping)價方法”，主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用于大范圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。首先對(dui)客貨運(yun)輸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進行(xing)預測，然后將預測的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)合理地分配于各種交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)方式(shi)，并(bing)進行(xing)模(mo)(mo)擬。此法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點是考慮到所有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)方式(shi)，并(bing)能協調各種交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)方式(shi)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)(xi)，得(de)出更(geng)合理和有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)方案(an)。

大區域交通規(gui)劃(hua)和(he)城(cheng)市交通規(gui)劃(hua)一樣總的(de)趨向(xiang)是(shi)定量化(hua)(hua)、綜合(he)化(hua)(hua)、更加重(zhong)視交通對(dui)環境的(de)影響(xiang)。人們已認識到交通規(gui)劃(hua)的(de)重(zhong)要性。雖然規(gui)劃(hua)需要耗費(fei)一定的(de)人力(li)和(he)財力(li)，但是(shi)較之(zhi)于無科學規(gui)劃(hua)帶來的(de)嚴重(zhong)損失是(shi)微不足道的(de)。