職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)防治工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)涉及方方面面，在這諸多方面中(zhong)(zhong)，弄清楚(chu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)場(chang)所職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)危(wei)害(hai)因(yin)素(包括職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)危(wei)害(hai)因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)識別、分析與評價)是(shi)(shi)做好職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)防治工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)切入點、首(shou)要任務(wu)，是(shi)(shi)開展職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)衛(wei)生工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)(ti)，是(shi)(shi)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)衛(wei)生工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)永恒的(de)(de)(de)主題。這是(shi)(shi)由(you)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)危(wei)害(hai)因(yin)素在職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)防治工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)所處的(de)(de)(de)核心(xin)地位(wei)和作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)決定的(de)(de)(de)：它是(shi)(shi)建設項(xiang)目(mu)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)危(wei)害(hai)分類管理的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要因(yin)素;是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)人單位(wei)依法申報職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)危(wei)害(hai)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)直接依據(ju);是(shi)(shi)開展工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)場(chang)所職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)危(wei)害(hai)因(yin)素監測與評價的(de)(de)(de)依據(ju);是(shi)(shi)開展健康監護工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)針對性依據(ju);是(shi)(shi)開展職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)診(zhen)斷的(de)(de)(de)先決條件;是(shi)(shi)設置職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)防護設施(shi)和職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)危(wei)害(hai)警示(shi)標識的(de)(de)(de)依據(ju);是(shi)(shi)提(ti)(ti)示(shi)佩戴個人防護用(yong)(yong)品的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要依據(ju);是(shi)(shi)實施(shi)行(xing)政處罰的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要證(zheng)據(ju)等。

　　一、工作場所職(zhi)業病危害因素的識別

　　(一(yi))職(zhi)業病危害項目申報

　　《中華人(ren)民共和國職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)防治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)》(下簡(jian)稱《職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)防治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)》)第十四條第二(er)款規定：“用人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)設有依(yi)法(fa)公布的(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)目錄所列職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)，應當(dang)及時、如(ru)實(shi)向衛生(sheng)行政部(bu)門申(shen)報(bao)(bao)(bao)，接受監(jian)督(du)。”但(dan)在監(jian)督(du)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中發現有的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)因素(su)申(shen)報(bao)(bao)(bao)項(xiang)目不(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)實(shi)，或根本未申(shen)報(bao)(bao)(bao)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)因素(su)，原(yuan)因有：其(qi)一(yi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)道(dao)要(yao)申(shen)報(bao)(bao)(bao);其(qi)二(er)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)懂得(de)申(shen)報(bao)(bao)(bao)，由于用人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)從(cong)事職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)防治(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)員大(da)多(duo)為非專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)員，職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)衛生(sheng)知(zhi)識相對(dui)缺乏(fa)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)明白(bai)哪些是職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)項(xiang)目應當(dang)申(shen)報(bao)(bao)(bao);其(qi)三，故意隱瞞(man)不(bu)(bu)(bu)報(bao)(bao)(bao)，個別用人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)對(dui)申(shen)報(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)認識不(bu)(bu)(bu)足，認為不(bu)(bu)(bu)申(shen)報(bao)(bao)(bao)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)項(xiang)目可以(yi)逃避監(jian)督(du);其(qi)四，已(yi)申(shen)報(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)絕大(da)多(duo)數是在衛生(sheng)監(jian)督(du)部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)指引下被動式(shi)申(shen)報(bao)(bao)(bao);其(qi)五，要(yao)如(ru)實(shi)申(shen)報(bao)(bao)(bao)離不(bu)(bu)(bu)開監(jian)測(ce)結(jie)果或化學品中文說明書，但(dan)這(zhe)方面企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)又常(chang)常(chang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能提(ti)供。

　　(二)建設項目(mu)職業病危(wei)害評(ping)價報告

　　《職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)防治(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第十五(wu)條(tiao)第一款規定：“新(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)、擴(kuo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)、改建(jian)(jian)(jian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)技術改造、技術引(yin)進項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)可能產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)在(zai)(zai)可行性(xing)論證(zheng)階段應當向(xiang)衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)行政(zheng)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)提(ti)(ti)(ti)交(jiao)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)預(yu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)。”第十六條(tiao)規定：“建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)竣工(gong)驗收前，建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)應當進行職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)效果評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。”根據(ju)目(mu)(mu)(mu)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況看，大多數用人單(dan)(dan)位(wei)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)本法(fa)(fa)(fa)實施前已經(jing)開業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，依法(fa)(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)需要提(ti)(ti)(ti)供職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)。但(dan)《職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)防治(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》實施已有(you)(you)(you)五(wu)個(ge)年(nian)(nian)頭了(le)(le)(le)，以(yi)(yi)用人單(dan)(dan)位(wei)按(an)每年(nian)(nian)約(yue)20%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比例變遷計(ji)算，會有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)，按(an)理(li)來(lai)(lai)(lai)說這些(xie)新(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)應當向(xiang)衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)行政(zheng)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)提(ti)(ti)(ti)交(jiao)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)預(yu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)和(he)(he)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)效果評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)，事實上(shang)，這幾年(nian)(nian)來(lai)(lai)(lai)我(wo)區(qu)(qu)僅(jin)有(you)(you)(you)3個(ge)用人單(dan)(dan)位(wei)提(ti)(ti)(ti)交(jiao)了(le)(le)(le)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)效果評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，提(ti)(ti)(ti)交(jiao)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)預(yu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用人單(dan)(dan)位(wei)一個(ge)也沒有(you)(you)(you)，這種現象在(zai)(zai)羅湖(hu)區(qu)(qu)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)，我(wo)市其它區(qu)(qu)情況也大致相同，可以(yi)(yi)說是(shi)深圳(zhen)地區(qu)(qu)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種普遍現象。究其原因，主要有(you)(you)(you)：其一，缺乏有(you)(you)(you)關部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)配合，僅(jin)靠衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)一已之力(li)捉(zhuo)襟(jin)見肘。當衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)行政(zheng)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)發現一個(ge)新(xin)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)沒有(you)(you)(you)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)提(ti)(ti)(ti)交(jiao)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)預(yu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)和(he)(he)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)效果評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)時，該企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)往往已經(jing)獲得(de)工(gong)商(shang)(shang)營業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)執(zhi)照(zhao)(zhao)，可以(yi)(yi)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)產經(jing)營了(le)(le)(le)。按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)《職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)防治(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第十五(wu)條(tiao)有(you)(you)(you)關規定，未提(ti)(ti)(ti)交(jiao)預(yu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)或預(yu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)未經(jing)衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)行政(zheng)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)審(shen)核同意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，有(you)(you)(you)關部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)不(bu)(bu)得(de)批準該建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)。法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)賦予了(le)(le)(le)衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)行政(zheng)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權力(li)，但(dan)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)起(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)形同虛(xu)設(she)。經(jing)貿部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)引(yin)進外資、工(gong)商(shang)(shang)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)注冊登記(ji)均(jun)未將(jiang)衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)部(bu)(bu)門(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)查作(zuo)(zuo)為前置條(tiao)件，由于沒有(you)(you)(you)其他約(yue)束(shu)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，導致審(shen)查工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)難(nan)于落實;其二(er)，技術服務能力(li)未能滿(man)足評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)需求。目(mu)(mu)(mu)前，我(wo)市只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)2家單(dan)(dan)位(wei)取得(de)了(le)(le)(le)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)資質(乙級)，據(ju)了(le)(le)(le)解，按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)目(mu)(mu)(mu)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術力(li)量，我(wo)市2家評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)構每年(nian)(nian)最多可完(wan)成50個(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)任務。以(yi)(yi)寶安為例，每年(nian)(nian)有(you)(you)(you)500家以(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)辦(ban)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，如果全(quan)部(bu)(bu)要求進行評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，顯然缺乏技術支持(chi)，而且職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)技術服務機(ji)構出具(ju)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)預(yu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)和(he)(he)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)效果評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)報(bao)(bao)告(gao)周期長(chang)(一般要4到6個(ge)月甚至(zhi)更長(chang))，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)難(nan)于接受在(zai)(zai)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)辦(ban)完(wan)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)手(shou)續后(hou)再開業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。其三，面(mian)對較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)費用(單(dan)(dan)項(xiang)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)費用至(zhi)少都要4萬(wan)元以(yi)(yi)上(shang))，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)常常望而卻步。其四，用人單(dan)(dan)位(wei)不(bu)(bu)知道(dao)，即(ji)使有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)知道(dao)也不(bu)(bu)想進行職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)預(yu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)和(he)(he)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)效果評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。其五(wu)，監(jian)督(du)和(he)(he)處罰力(li)度不(bu)(bu)夠。

　　(三)日(ri)常(chang)監(jian)測

　　《職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)防治法》第二十(shi)四條第一(yi)款規定：“用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)單(dan)位應當實(shi)施(shi)(shi)由專人(ren)(ren)(ren)負責的職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)危(wei)害(hai)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素日常(chang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)，并(bing)確(que)保監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)系(xi)統(tong)處于正常(chang)運行(xing)狀態。”根(gen)據這一(yi)條款，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)單(dan)位應當建立職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)危(wei)害(hai)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)制度，其制度的內(nei)容(rong)為實(shi)施(shi)(shi)專人(ren)(ren)(ren)負責的職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)危(wei)害(hai)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素日常(chang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)，并(bing)建立一(yi)套完(wan)整(zheng)的職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)危(wei)害(hai)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)系(xi)統(tong)，目(mu)前(qian)羅湖轄區工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)區內(nei)有七百多間用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)單(dan)位，絕(jue)大多數是中小型企業(ye)(ye)(ye)，據了(le)解僅(jin)有一(yi)個用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)單(dan)位建立了(le)職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)危(wei)害(hai)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)系(xi)統(tong)，且不是每天進行(xing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)。因(yin)(yin)(yin)此可見，從(cong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)單(dan)位的日常(chang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)中獲(huo)取職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)(bing)危(wei)害(hai)因(yin)(yin)(yin)素也不現實(shi)，此外，此條款雖然規定了(le)違(wei)法事(shi)實(shi)，但未規定罰則，留給了(le)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)單(dan)位“自由發(fa)揮”的空間。

　　(四)定期(qi)監測

　　《職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)防治(zhi)法(fa)》第二(er)(er)十四條(tiao)(tiao)第二(er)(er)款規(gui)定(ding)(ding)：”用(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)應當按照國(guo)務(wu)(wu)院衛(wei)生行政(zheng)部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，定(ding)(ding)期對(dui)(dui)(dui)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)場(chang)(chang)所(suo)(suo)進行職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)危害(hai)因(yin)(yin)素(su)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、評價(jia)(jia)。檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、評價(jia)(jia)結果(guo)(guo)(guo)存入用(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)衛(wei)生檔案(an)，定(ding)(ding)期向(xiang)所(suo)(suo)在(zai)(zai)地(di)衛(wei)生行政(zheng)部(bu)門報(bao)(bao)告(gao)并向(xiang)勞動(dong)者(zhe)公布。”根據這一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)款，用(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)應定(ding)(ding)期向(xiang)獲得資質(zhi)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)衛(wei)生技(ji)術服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)機構委托，開(kai)(kai)展工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)場(chang)(chang)所(suo)(suo)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)危害(hai)因(yin)(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、評價(jia)(jia)。本來(lai)從(cong)這里獲得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)比較(jiao)(jiao)全(quan)面準確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)危害(hai)因(yin)(yin)素(su)信息，但(dan)(dan)(dan)事(shi)實(shi)上還在(zai)(zai)比較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差距(ju)：第一(yi)，關(guan)于定(ding)(ding)期檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)，國(guo)務(wu)(wu)院衛(wei)生行政(zheng)部(bu)門未做全(quan)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，只是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)《使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)毒(du)(du)物(wu)(wu)(wu)品作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)場(chang)(chang)所(suo)(suo)勞動(dong)保護條(tiao)(tiao)例》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第二(er)(er)十六條(tiao)(tiao)第二(er)(er)款規(gui)定(ding)(ding)有(you)(you)：從(cong)事(shi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)毒(du)(du)物(wu)(wu)(wu)品作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)應當至少(shao)每一(yi)個(ge)月對(dui)(dui)(dui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)毒(du)(du)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)場(chang)(chang)所(suo)(suo)進行一(yi)次(ci)(ci)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)危害(hai)因(yin)(yin)素(su)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce);至少(shao)每半(ban)(ban)年進行一(yi)次(ci)(ci)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)危害(hai)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)效果(guo)(guo)(guo)評價(jia)(jia)。條(tiao)(tiao)例的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)雖然明(ming)確，但(dan)(dan)(dan)難(nan)于實(shi)施，不但(dan)(dan)(dan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)難(nan)于自覺履行，就是(shi)(shi)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)衛(wei)生技(ji)術服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)機構都難(nan)于有(you)(you)時(shi)間(jian)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)。除(chu)了高(gao)(gao)(gao)毒(du)(du)物(wu)(wu)(wu)品作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)場(chang)(chang)作(zuo)(zuo)了明(ming)確規(gui)定(ding)(ding)外，對(dui)(dui)(dui)于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)低(di)毒(du)(du)等其(qi)它職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)危害(hai)因(yin)(yin)素(su)國(guo)務(wu)(wu)院衛(wei)生行政(zheng)部(bu)門應該多長時(shi)間(jian)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)未做明(ming)確規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，這就存在(zai)(zai)操作(zuo)(zuo)性不強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)點(dian)，給衛(wei)生行政(zheng)部(bu)門執法(fa)也(ye)帶來(lai)了困難(nan)。第二(er)(er)，檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)覆蓋率(lv)低(di)，我區存在(zai)(zai)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)危害(hai)因(yin)(yin)素(su)比較(jiao)(jiao)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)約三百間(jian)，2007年上半(ban)(ban)年已開(kai)(kai)展年度監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不超(chao)過5間(jian)，其(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)原因(yin)(yin)可能是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)難(nan)于接受(shou)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)突然成倍增(zeng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)實(shi)。費用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)長主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)由(you)于職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)衛(wei)生技(ji)術服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)機構增(zeng)加(jia)了時(shi)間(jian)加(jia)權平均容(rong)許濃度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評價(jia)(jia)方法(fa)，原來(lai)一(yi)個(ge)點(dian)只測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)，現(xian)在(zai)(zai)要(yao)(yao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)四次(ci)(ci)。第三，關(guan)于檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)結果(guo)(guo)(guo)，在(zai)(zai)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗報(bao)(bao)告(gao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，經常會看到某一(yi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度小(xiao)于某一(yi)值，如：車間(jian)空(kong)(kong)氣中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)(皮)<0.6mg/m3 ，剛從(cong)結果(guo)(guo)(guo)上看可以理解成二(er)(er)個(ge)含義，其(qi)一(yi)是(shi)(shi)車間(jian)空(kong)(kong)氣苯(ben)(ben)(ben)濃度是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)大于0和小(xiao)于0.6mg/m3之(zhi)間(jian)，說明(ming)車間(jian)空(kong)(kong)氣中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)這類高(gao)(gao)(gao)毒(du)(du)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)，其(qi)二(er)(er)車間(jian)空(kong)(kong)氣苯(ben)(ben)(ben)濃度為0，表(biao)明(ming)車間(jian)空(kong)(kong)氣中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)無高(gao)(gao)(gao)毒(du)(du)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)，不需要(yao)(yao)開(kai)(kai)展針對(dui)(dui)(dui)苯(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)病(bing)防治(zhi)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。當然小(xiao)于某一(yi)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)達(da)方式有(you)(you)可能是(shi)(shi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)(zhi)，導(dao)致(zhi)精度不夠高(gao)(gao)(gao)，但(dan)(dan)(dan)不管(guan)怎樣(yang)，這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)達(da)欠妥，容(rong)易導(dao)致(zhi)誤解。

　　(五(wu))化學品中文(wen)說明(ming)書

　　《職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)病(bing)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法》第(di)二十六條第(di)一(yi)款規定：“向用(yong)(yong)人單位(wei)提供(gong)(gong)可能產(chan)生職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)病(bing)危(wei)(wei)害的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)、放射性(xing)同位(wei)素(su)和含(han)有(you)放射性(xing)物質的(de)(de)(de)材料的(de)(de)(de)，應(ying)提供(gong)(gong)中文說明(ming)書(shu)(shu)。說明(ming)書(shu)(shu)應(ying)載(zai)明(ming)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)、主(zhu)要成(cheng)分(fen)、存在的(de)(de)(de)有(you)害因(yin)素(su)、可能產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)(wei)害后果(guo)、安(an)全使用(yong)(yong)注意事項(xiang)、職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)病(bing)防(fang)(fang)護以及應(ying)急救治(zhi)(zhi)措施等內(nei)容。”但是(shi)在日常(chang)監(jian)督(du)工(gong)作中，從用(yong)(yong)人單位(wei)提供(gong)(gong)給(gei)監(jian)督(du)人員查看的(de)(de)(de)說明(ming)書(shu)(shu)看來，供(gong)(gong)貨(huo)(huo)商(shang)提供(gong)(gong)給(gei)用(yong)(yong)人單位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)說明(ming)書(shu)(shu)并不(bu)規范，供(gong)(gong)貨(huo)(huo)商(shang)為(wei)了(le)減少用(yong)(yong)人單位(wei)對購買(mai)有(you)害化(hua)學(xue)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)顧忌，常(chang)常(chang)打出環(huan)保產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)、綠色產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)旗號(hao)，或出于配方(fang)保密目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)僅(jin)提供(gong)(gong)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)名或產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)代號(hao)，絕大多數有(you)害化(hua)學(xue)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)中文說明(ming)書(shu)(shu)上(shang)都(dou)沒有(you)載(zai)明(ming)有(you)害物質的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)分(fen)和化(hua)學(xue)式，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)甚(shen)至只提供(gong)(gong)英(ying)文說明(ming)書(shu)(shu)。而企業(ye)采購員對此(ci)(ci)也認識不(bu)夠，造成(cheng)信息缺(que)失，因(yin)而監(jian)督(du)人員想在此(ci)(ci)環(huan)節獲取職(zhi)(zhi)業(ye)病(bing)危(wei)(wei)害因(yin)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)確信息現階(jie)段還不(bu)現實(shi)，而且針對此(ci)(ci)條款監(jian)督(du)也難(nan)，很多供(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)都(dou)是(shi)由不(bu)同地區的(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)(zhi)能部門(men)管(guan)轄。

　　(六)監督經驗(yan)

　　監(jian)督(du)人員可根據工作經驗初(chu)步(bu)判定(ding)作業場所(suo)存(cun)在(zai)的職業病危害因素，效果(guo)是(shi)明顯實用，但不夠科學、全面(mian)，是(shi)現階段(duan)的權宜(yi)之計。

　　(七)監督檢測

　　是指政府出(chu)具檢測費用(yong)，用(yong)于對不(bu)明化學品的(de)定性分析、專項監督(du)或應急(ji)事(shi)件等(deng)，表(biao)面上是主動出(chu)擊，其實是被動之舉。